Trends and developments in the airline industry - 10283 Words

Table of Content 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 2 What are the characteristics of the airline industry? ................................. 2 3 Which were the most important trends and developments in the airline industries’ past shaping the current future? .............................................. 4 4 Which trends and developments can be identified in the current airline industry that will shape its future? ........................................................... 10 5 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 19 REFERENCES†¦show more content†¦Closely linked to economy - The airline industry can be described as highly cyclical since it has a high sensitivity to the economic cycle (Doganis, 2006). The profit margins of the airline industry are rising and falling in accordance with the World’s economic growth which again is impacted by unforeseen factors like a crisis (see appendix I). So demand for air traffic decreases during times of economic distress or simply when the growth slows down. This causes overcapacity and therefore lower fares and yields. The effects of the change in the industry, however, might show lagged in time. Also the factor causing the industry’s downturn can intensify or lengthen it (Doganis, 2006). High fixed costs and marginal profitability - Also characterizing features of the airline industry are the generally low profit margins and high fixed costs. The fixed costs manly results from personnel and fuel. The low profit margins arise from the circumstance that there is no significant variation between the expenses of an aircraft flight and the number of carried passengers. Therefore already a small change in passenger numbers can negatively impact the financial result (Doganis, 2006). Dependence on oil prices - As already mentioned the fuel prices are one of the two greatest fixed costs in the airline industry. As the aviation fuel price is closely linked to the oil price, theShow MoreRelatedTrend Line Of The Airline Industry922 Words   |  4 PagesTrend Line The trend line is a indicator that gives an idea about long-run performance of an industry. Key trend area to look into in terms of the airline industry is cost. The airline industry is very sensitive to cost such as fuel, labor, and borrowing costs. Fuel prices tend to fluctuate on a monthly basis. It is very important to pay close attention to these costs. Trend line such as seating space is important in the airline industry; travellers strive for convenience at all times. These daysRead MoreStrategic Management: Crafting and Executing Strategy1252 Words   |  5 Pagespurpose of this report is to present the importance of strategic planning for a business organization. The industry chosen for this report is airline industry and the company name is Asian Airlines. The report starts with a strong argument supporting why and how a strategic plan is important for an airline business and proceeds by discussing the mission and vision statement for Asian Airlines. The next section establishes five key objectives for the company encompassing operational, financial, andRead MoreStrategic Profile Of The Boeing Corporation1352 Words   |  6 Pageswas established in 1916 by William Boeing in the city of Seattle, Washington. Boeing has become one of the world’s biggest manufacturers when it comes to military and commercial planes and pa rts. There are two major corporations within the aircraft industry that are big competitors and share a great rivalry with each other and they are the Boeing and Airbus Corporations. The corporations have been competing with each other for many years when it comes to finding potential contracts for their airplaneRead MoreAirline Industry Is Poor At Earning Its Cost Of Capital1496 Words   |  6 Pagescapabilities around the globe, and have deep expertise in various industries, especially in aviation travel. The lecture of â€Å"Global Aviation Trends†, which was presented by Mr Simon Barrett from L.E.K, and some issues are pointed it out for the future of the airline industry and the impact on airports. This report will give four issues’ critical eluviation of Mr Simon suggested in the lecture. The first issue is airline industry is poor at earning its cost of capital. Secondly, Air travel is becomingRead MoreAustralian Aviation Sector Influences On The Australian E conomy And The Tourism Industry1580 Words   |  7 PagesAustralian aviation sector influences both the Australian economy and the tourism industry. The report will also highlight how the economic issues of employment, fuel consumption and environmental challenges affect the Australian aviation sector and how these issues relate to the economic principles of supply and demand. The report will briefly explain the background of the Australian aviation sector; identify economic market trends and current opportunities as well as highlight the potential challengesRead MoreSituational Analysis, Airbus1448 Words   |  6 PagesSituational Analysis, Airbus. Porter’s Five Forces. Risk of Entry by Potential Competitors – The aviation industry is a very difficult industry to enter, and the risky of entry by potential competitors is extremely low. Rivalry among established companies – The intensity of rivalry among established companies within the aviation industry is very high. Currently the only competitor or Airbus is Boeing. Both of these companies gain market share from each other using prices, product design, advertisingRead MoreAnalysis Of Qantas Airlines An Organization Situational Analysis1047 Words   |  5 Pages This report largely focuses on constructing a situational analysis of Qantas Airlines. An organisations situational analysis refers to an analysis that consists of ascertaining the key factors that will be used as a basis for development of marketing strategy. (Elliot 2014). Situational analysis consists of the environment analysis (both internal and external environment), competitor’s analysis and finally the swot analysis. By analysing those elements stated above, it is likely that the higherRead MoreOrganizational Competitive Strategies-Porters Five Forces Model (AIR ASIA)763 Words   |  4 Pages in this assignment, can be used to access the competitiveness of the airlines industry. It can review the competition within the industry plus checks for threat from outside. Bargaining power of supplier-High- In every industry, there has to be someone to play the role of a supplier. It is important to know the power of the supplier as it will affect the industry. There are only two main suppliers in the airline industry, Airbus and Boeing, thus there isn’t much of an open option. Not forgettingRead MoreThe Plan For Aviation And Aerospace Industry1499 Words   |  6 PagesBackground The aviation and aerospace is one promising front in terms of careers and opportunities. Just like any industries in the 21st Century, aviation and aerospace industry is a complex one that requires skilled labor in all of its ranks. The demand for the various job positions in the industry is motivated by both inadequate skilled personnel and the rapidly increasing demand for the airline transport. From the beginning, aviation opportunities were believed to be only piloting, engineering, and machineRead MoreSouthwest Airlines And The Airline Industry946 Words   |  4 PagesExecutive Summary Southwest Airlines is a competitor in the airline industry who models themselves as a low fare company who cares about people. These two aspects are that backbone to their business. It is what sets them apart from their major competitors, such as Delta/Northwest, Continental/United, JetBlue, and Allegiant. Government regulation has allowed for more travel due to deregulation. This means there are more consumers than ever entering the industry. As more consumers enter the market

Essay on Greatest Anatomist - 2121 Words

Leonardo Da Vinci is famous as a painter, sculptor and inventor. In reality he was so much more, with the range of topics in his arsenal of knowledge being anatomy, zoology, botany, geology, optics, aerodynamics and hydrodynamics to name a few. He did play a large role in the development of knowledge about anatomy and the human body. He was one of the greatest anatomists of his time, although unrecognized for it during his lifetime. Anatomical studies were primarily for the purpose of better depiction of the human body and presumably went no further than a study of the superficial structures. Da Vinci’s acquaintance with anatomy in the beginning would be that of the artist, and it must be remembered that his fame was gained primarily as†¦show more content†¦Neither of these matters can an answer be given to but it is suggested that he was given opportunities in the Ospedale Maggiore as well as the Collegio dei Nobili Fisici, the chief medical school of the city. (Ochenkowski, 199) The earliest anatomical drawings by Leonardo are attributed to 1487. On the basis of these drawings certain facts become manifest. It is apparent that his knowledge of anatomy was what he had acquired by reading traditional writers such as Avicenna and Mundinus, by some animal dissection and by surface inspection of the living human. (Morley, 554) With his return to Florence Leonardo again took up his anatomical studies, and it appears that for the first time he had access to a reasonably large amount of dissection material, obtained at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova. As the dates of his drawings indicate, he had further dissection specimens available to him, although whether he during this Florentine period ever became the possessor of an entire cadaver there is no certainty. At the beginning of this period he was still an amateur in the anatomical discipline, and his remarkable observations emphasized his genius. It is wondered how much dissection Da Vinci actually did and despite his remarkable observations of arteriosclerosis, indicative of close observation of the arterial system,Show MoreRelatedLeonardo Da Vinci Is Famous As A Painter, Sculptor And1213 Words   |  5 Pagesof topics in his arsenal of knowledge being anatomy, zoology, botany, geology, optics, aerodynamics and hydrodynamics to name a few. He did play a large role in the development of knowledge about anatomy and the human body. He was one of the greatest anatomists of his time, although unrecognized for it during his lifetime. Anatomical studies were primarily for the purpose of better depiction of the human body and presumably went no further than a study of the superficial structures. Da Vinci’s acquaintanceRead MoreThe Life and Accomplishments of Leonardo da Vinci Essay775 Words   |  4 Pagesyoung mistress named Caterina. He is famously recognised for his magnificient paintings, the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. 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Thus, he was such an impressive and magnificent personality that for the last 30 thirty years of his years on the planet, he was Germanys greatest cultural monument, serving as an object of pilgrimage from all over Europe and even from the United States and leaving

Principles of Corporate Finance 3rd Edition

Question: Describe about the Principles of Corporate Finance 3rd Edition? Answer: Complete the following table by inserting your responses, in at least 30 words to the questions. Cite any sources you use. Define the time value of money. The central idea of time value of money is that the money in the present is dearer than money in the future. This is primarily due to the fact that interest can be earned on money (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). Provide a real-world example for the time value of money. Suppose I purchase a car on monthly installments. The vendor typically charges me some interest and thus I have to pay more amount in totality than I would have to if I paid the whole amount at one go today. Thus the incremental interest is due to the time value of money. Why is time such an important factor in financial matters? This is an important aspect in financial matter since there is an opportunity cost involved in terms of interest that could be earned on money and thus it needs to be evaluated whether adequate compensation is being given for this or not. How would you use the time value of money to your financial benefit? This concept would be utilized for financial benefits by ensuring that the returns earned on the investment should exceed the inherent opportunity cost due to time value of money (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). Part II: Complete the following table by calculating the ratios. Present Value Amount Compounding period Rate of interest Present value $150,000 Annual 6% for 10 years $ 83,759.22 $85,000 Annual 4% for 15 years $ 47,197.48 Internal Rate of Return Initial cost of investment Periods of useful life Estimated annual net cash inflow generated Look-up table value Rate of interest $75,000 7 $14,406 8% 8% $56,000 15 $8,222 12% 12% Payback Period: Assume there are no income taxes for both scenarios. Purchase price of equipment Period of useful life Annual revenue generated per year Operating costs associated with revenue Depreciation expense per year Payback period result $550,000 10 years $100,000 $32,000 $55,000 8 years $350,000 10 years $80,500 $36,000 $35,000 7.87 years References Brealey, R., Myers, S. Allen, F. 2008, Principles of Corporate Finance 3rd edition, New York: McGraw Hill Publications

Heroes, Born or Made free essay sample

The greatest Allied air ace of World War One, Canadian Billy Bishop, comes to mind. Some anti-hero types took it upon themselves to challenge the veracity of Bishops claim of 72 kills. Subsequently, their thesis was proved incorrect and Bishops honour and his Victoria Cross were shown to have been honourably and rightly earned. Another Canadian hero and VC winner was Lieutenant Alexander Roberts Dunn for his heroism during the charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaklava, October 1854. Dunn was the first Canadian to be awarded a VC; since then, 93 others, including Bishop, have received this highly respected and much valued military honour. Perhaps, of all the military medals awarded for valour anywhere in the world, the Victoria Cross stands above all others. Of course, the world knows of Canadian John McCrae and his world-famous poem, In Flanders Fields. McCrae and his poem are front and centre annually at Cenotaphs across Canada during November 11th Remembrance Day services. Not only in Canada, but also in many Western countries McCraes In Flanders Fields is recited or sung at services to honour those who stepped forward, volunteered and in some cases, died for democracy. We are the dead. Short days ago we lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, loved, and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders Fields. An interesting sidebar to the Victoria Cross is that three Winnipeggers all from the same street received this high honour. It is believed to be the only street in the world to have three VC winners who lived there. The City of Winnipeg named the street Valour Road in honour of Leo Clarke, Fred Hall and Robert Shankland. The streets previous name was Pine Street. Their war was the Great War or, World War One. The Canadian Navy, too, has its heroes; among them a VC winner. In the latter stages of World War Two, RCN pilot Lieutenant Robert Hampton Gray flew his flaming aircraft into a Japanese destroyer. For his heroic action, he was awarded the VC, posthumously. At the time, Gray was serving onboard the Royal Navy aircraft carrier, HMS Formidable. More recent times have seen the Canadian Navy perform admirably under duress; and while this next part is not centred on a particular person, the hero of the piece is the ship itself and its complement. During Operation Apollo, HMCS Ottawa was tasked to patrol the Arabian Gulf region with explicit instructions to intercept any vessel sailing in those troubled waters with a view to checking its identity, examining its cargo and passengers and ascertaining its destination. The interdiction duty included boarding when and where necessary in search of contraband goods or fugitives fleeing from Iraq. Ottawa received intelligence that a ship a contact of interest was about to weigh anchor in the Arabian Gulf. The ships destination was unknown and that heightened the interest Ottawa had in the vessel. Later, it was learned that the contact of interest was M/V [motor vessel] Roaa. The Canadian warship was ordered to search for Roaa in the Straits of Hormuz, a narrow passage in the Gulf between territorial waters of Oman and Iran. For about three days, Ottawas ships company, especially the ships communications crew, queried ships passing through the Strait about their identities and voyage information. As the area is narrow and with much traffic, the querying of the ships identities and destinations was hectic. The task was formidable and exhausting. As one Ottawa sailor put it later, We were just all anxious to find the guy and get the job done. The task of identifying the passing ships was more than just hailing them and asking about their nationality. Ottawas acoustic section b ecame involved as the department tested the data collected for legitimacy. Each vessel was checked against its destination. After three days on intense interdiction duty and hundreds of checks, there was no sign of Roaa. Had she slipped the noose and sailed away unchallenged? The thought was troubling to Ottawas crews pride. Then, additional intelligence was received that indicated that the contact of interest was anchored in the approaches to a nearby port. This particular port had gained the name of The Parking Lot. There, hiding among dozens of other vessels, was M/V Roaa. The sharp on top eye of a Canadian Aurora maritime patrol aircraft had spotted the ship. Apparently, the Roaas captain had thought that if he dropped anchor and remained quiet among the many other vessels in the Parking Lot, his ship would avoid detection. Clearly, he had not considered the Canadians determination to find their prey. Now that Roaa -the needle in the haystack -had been sighted, it was important that Ottawa not give away her position to the enemy. Under cover of darkness, Ottawa slipped undetected into the area and took over surveillance from another multinational naval unit. Roaa was, after all, Ottawas target, her contact of interest. We had to weave through about 20 ships anchored close together just to find her. Those words from a member of Ottawas crew as he related the event later. HMCS Ottawa maintained contact with Roaa all the while waiting for the contact of interest to make a move that would permit the Canadian ships naval boarding party [NBP] to move into position. In a move that would bring credit to the best of Hollywood, Ottawas helicopter moved into position. To be certain that the ship was the correct vessel the helicopters infrared camera was used. It confirmed that the suspect vessel was the Roaa. When daylight came, it was apparent that the contact of interest had changed its name and had a different national flag flying at its stern. It seemed that Ottawas persistence had paid off and that Roaas subterfuge had failed. Ottawa tracked Roaa for about 12 hours and as soon as the contact of interest moved out of territorial waters into international waters, the Canadian ship increased speed to 30 knots and slipped in alongside the other vessel, and, as darkness has fallen, illuminated her with high-power search lights. Ottawas commanding officer signalled his intentions to board Roaa, Ottawas NBP stealthily scaled the side of the foreign vessel. Before Roaas crew knew that they were being overtaken, the bridge and engine room were secured and Ottawa had control of the ship. Just like out of the movies a classic John Wayne style manoeuvre only better, because these were real Canadians carrying out their duty rather than Hollywood actors pretending to be heroes. After the boarding, one of the NBP crew was asked, What was it like to be the first person up the ladder? He replied, No real worries. Were always ready for whatever might happen. You trust the other members of your team; besides, if they [the enemy] cant see you coming, it doesnt make you a target. This heroic Canadian sailor added, At first, the crew were really stunned. But when they realized that we would take care of them, they relaxed a bit. Once upon the contact of interest, Ottawas boarding party secured the vessel before the Roaas crew could affix the anti-boarding devices lying in wait at every door, hatch and window; sheets of metal ready to be welded on at the hint of a boarding. Training and a little creativity paid off. It was a beautiful boarding. Training and a little creativity, indeed! Rather typical of Canadas naval personnel. Ready, Aye, Ready. After Roaa was in Ottawas control, a small crew from the Canadian ship took command and sailed the vessel to a detention area. The captain said, later, What an experience. It was nice change from routine ops. The interim captain added, Roaa was absolutely filthy, but, fortunately, I only had to stand on the bridge and didnt have to search through the galley or the heads. Eight hours was long enough. The captain sailed Roaa to a holding area in the Arabian Gulf where local authorities began a legal process. The value of this action by Ottawas crew is two-fold: One, the Canadian ships crew gained firsthand experience and an opportunity to test their readiness in this new battlefield, and two, the evidence gained offered links that might lead to the capture of bigger foe. Canadas contribution to the Arabian Gulf operations was as evidenced in the above example exemplary and put the countrys navy at the top of any list of stalwarts capable of getting on with the grunt. Unfortunately, Ottawas continued soft approach to evil tends to take away from the heroics of Canadas naval personnel as they carry out their duties. One is reminded of the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 when the Soviets were intent on installing missile sites on Cuban soil. The Americans [USN] placed a naval blockade around Cuba to stop each Soviet ship suspected of carrying missiles or missile launching equipment. At the time, Ottawa refused to assist Washington. The Canadian Navy, however, saw the need and despatched several ships to join with the U. S. Navy in the blockade. This action was taken by the Canadian Navy admiral in charge without sanction by Ottawa. As it turned out, the Canadian prime minister was unaware of how the Canadian Navy had assisted the American Navy. By Ottawa being kept out of the loop, good things were able to be carried out. Had Ottawa been involved, probably a heated discussion between the politicians and their fawning bureaucrats in Ottawa and the Navy would still be underway, four decades later. Let the Navy get on with the grunt and good things will happen; keep Ottawa out of the loop and let the greater good over the lesser evil prevail. Heroes; are they born or are they made? Do they rise to unexpected heights because of circumstances or because of fate? [All quotes are from Anatomy of a boarding, a national defence current operations article. ]

Step Recipe for Success free essay sample

I know the best way to grow our business is to climb with care and confidence. † †¢ With 1,240-plus Chick-fil-A restaurants in 38 states and Washington, D. C. , Chick-fil-A is the second-largest quick-service chicken restaurant chain in the nation, based on annual sales. 2. CREATE A â€Å"LOYALTY EFFECT† â€Å"Our people are the cornerstone of all that we do at Chick-fil-A. As a chain, we believe that attracting great people helps create an unforgettable experience for our customers. It requires a lot of time and effort to make sure you have the right people working the right jobs, but we believe this is time well spent. The bottom line is that our people, from our restaurant Operators to the team members they hire, enjoy their work. Fewer than five percent of our franchise Operators leave the chain in any given year. The more we can foster the feeling that we are a group of people working together, depending on each other, the more likely we are to be loyal to each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Step Recipe for Success or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Customer satisfaction is the payoff for spending the time to search for the best employees. Our restaurant team members have proven time and time again that going out of your way to make sure our customer has a pleasurable dining experience will build customer loyalty. †¢ â€Å"This loyalty effect, the full range of economic and human benefits that accrue to leaders who treat their customers, Operators, and employees in a manner worthy of their loyalty, is at the core of most of the truly successful growth companies in the world today. And there is no clearer case study of the loyalty effect than Chick-fil-A. † –Fred Reichheld, Harvard Business Review and author of The Loyalty Effect. Truett Cathy’s 5 Step Recipe for Business Success / Page 2 * Exerpts adapted from Truett Cathy’s Second Book: Eat Mor Chikin: Inspire More People (2002 Chick-fil-A, Inc. ) 3. NEVER LOSE A CUSTOMER â€Å"Ever since I was a teenager delivering newspapers (for seven straight years), I have tried not to lose a single customer. I treated each one like the most important person in the world and delivered each paper as if I were delivering it to the front door of the Governor’s mansion. The key to succeeding with a paper route and the restaurant business, I would later learn, is to take care of the customer. Whether on the paper route or in my restaurants, I have found that the most effective way of promoting my business didn’t cost me anything but a little kindness to my customers. †¢ In 1935, at age 14, Truett delivered the Atlanta Journal newspaper to residents of America’s first public housing project, Atlanta’s Techwood Homes and developed his â€Å"people first† business philosophy. Chick-fil-A’s commitment to this principle is reflected in its mission statement to â€Å"Be America’s Best Quick-Service Restaurant at Winning and Keeping Customers. † †¢ 4. PUT PRINCIPLES AND PEOPLE AHEAD OF PROFITS â€Å"I’d like to be remembered as one who kept my priorities in the right order. We live in a changing world, but we need to be reminded that the important things have not changed. I have always encouraged my restaurant Operators and team members to give back to the local community. We should be about more than just selling chicken, we should be a part of our customer’s lives and the communities in which we serve. † †¢ Through the WinShape Centre Foundation, Truett operates foster homes for more than 150 children and sponsors a summer camp for more than 1,800 children each year; in addition, he provides college scholarships for Chick-fil-A restaurant employees (more than $20 million awarded since 1973). Chick-fil-A partners with nearly 1,200 elementary schools nationwide by providing the Core Essentials Character Education Program, which teaches students one value trait each month. Additionally, Chick-fil-A restaurants are involved in the local community with activities such as blood drives, school fundraisers, family nights and children’s sports sponsorships. †¢ Truett Cathy’s 5 Step Recipe for Business Success / Page 3 5. CLOSED ON SUNDAY â€Å"I was not so committed to financial success that I was willing to abandon my principles and priorities. One of the most visible examples of this is our decision to close on Sunday. Our decision to close on Sunday was our way of honoring God and of directing our attention to things that mattered more than our business. † †¢ Chick-fil-A is the only major fast-food restaurant chain to be closed on Sundays, one of the busiest days of the week in the restaurant business. Despite being closed on Sundays, Truett Cathy has led Chick-fil-A on an unparalleled record of 38 consecutive years of sales increases, with its core free-standing restaurants achieving higher sales per unit in six days (with shorter operating hours) than most major chains in the industry.

Land mines essays

Land mines essays There are many different types of land mines that still exist today,that were planted to kill soilders back in Vietnam and other wars. There are five types of antipersonal mines. Blast mines are the most common. When someone steps on them they explode. Because it has a very large charge it often kills people rather than just injuring them. Fragmentation mines have tripwires which lie a few centimeters above the ground. When someone walks into them, the mine shoots out hundreds of metal fragments at twice the speed of an ordinary bullet. Bounding framentation mine jump into the air when activated, to about the hight of a persons chest before they explode . They kill the person who sets them off and can kill over a wide area. Directional Fragmentation mines shoot out steel balls in one direction at high speed. They are set off by tripwires or remote. Also Scatterable mines do not have to be laid by hand they can be droped by an airplain or by artillery. They land on the ground without exploding and some even set their own tripwires. There are around 110 million land mines in 64 countries still lodged in the ground. Just like today and in Vietnam children pick up or step on the devices while herding animals, or working in the fields or just playing. Since many of the explosives look just like toys, tops, pineapples or butterflies, children are drawn to them. In some areas, children scavenge mines for scrap metal. Limbless and blind children around the world bear witness to the land mines path of destruction. Since 1975, the devices have killed more than one million people. They continue to kill more than 800 victims each month and disable more than 1,000 others. Women and children in Angola account for more than 20,000 amputees. Many of todays land mines, which can remain active for decades, were planted before their youngest victims were born. ...

Cheap Labor and Outsourcing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cheap Labor and Outsourcing - Research Paper Example y workers with robots.† (Musil, 2012) But for the cheap labor available in the thickly populated countries like China, India and Indonesia there is no other justification for shifting or creating new facilities in these countries by the American companies. In fact, the companies do make several compromises in other areas to exploit the cheap labor. Do we have plans to shift the production facilities back to America, if labor could be replaced with robots? The indiscriminate outsourcing drive is neither in the interest of the host countries nor in the interest of the USA in the long run. This paper seeks to analyze the causes for outsourcing either within the country or to foreign countries, its impact on the business and economy of the USA and the host countries. It is not the question of what is good to American economy. The issue has several dimensions. Is corporate social responsibility of the multinational companies engaged in outsourcing spree limited to only the USA? Are they not responsible for human rights issues involved in the operations of the suppliers? Disturbance of the existing equilibrium in the employment market either locally or internationally creates serious imbalances in the economic system in the long run and result into a situation of ‘catching the tail of a tiger’, meaning neither you can afford to leave the tail nor holding it for long! â€Å"Outsourcing is generally recognized as a strategy for producing cost saving, however, by simply following a traditional cost-focused approach, companies may be missing opportunities to gain further competitive advantage† (Deloitte, 2008). The following points need to be carefully considered in respect of cheap labor in view of its impact in general on the economy. 3. The market is saturated locally and establishment of production facilities in a third country could meet the local demand in such country and this unit could act as a hub for export of such products to other countries. In

More perfect union speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

More perfect union speech - Essay Example The problem was first caused by the white race subgroup in the United States as against other racial subgroups, especially the African-American subgroup. No matter what side it is, having and spreading resentments does not help alleviate conflicts and sharp differences. Anger and resentment does not solve any problem. In fact, sentiments and notions of anger and resentment add more fuel for problems to escalate. Anger and resentment only encourage animosity and division among people and groups. Conflicts arise when anger gets in the way of better judgment, and clouds rationality and logic. The world is already rife with too many prejudicial tendencies by groups that espouse ambivalent notions. Even religious leaders are guilty of preaching such messages, basing their sermons and teachings on personal beliefs and experiences. In relation to that part of his speech, Obama quoted William Faulkner by saying that, â€Å"the past isnt dead and buried. In fact, it isnt even past". What Obama is trying to say is that issues of the past regarding race relations are still ongoing, and have never been put to rest. This was especially visible and expected during Obama’s campaign for presidency, in which the likeliness of him winning the post was unexpected. Take into consideration the fact that all the United States presidents before Obama were Caucasians. This implies that American society still considers race as a factor and issue in national decisions. That being the case, the question that arises is whether a trans-racial society is possible and desirable in the United States. It is possible for such a society to exist, but only if the people learn and are educated to see society and state beyond the differences of race. There needs to be a change in cultural awareness, which plays a significant role in social activities. Differences in

Kindergarten Language Lesson Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kindergarten Language Lesson Plan - Term Paper Example ideology puts focus on the needs of the times and what are needed to become a productive member of society and thereby design the educational curricula according to the assessed need of the time. It emphasizes skills and competencies that have to be learned in order to survive in the real world. Refer to your copy of the Goal Three Standards. List three(3) appropriate standards and describe the activities provided for students in this lesson that demonstrate the Goal 3 Standards. How do these relate to the assignment? In introducing the lesson to the pupils, the audience has to consider as children who loves to play and have short attention span. Such, the lesson has to be presented as fun and engaging for the lesson to be effective. 1. Encourage children to talk what is their favorite game and then ask them to describe them. Most likely boys will talk about sports while girls will talk about their friends. The importance in this activity is to engage the pupils to express themselves. 2. Second, ask them why they like such games. This will provide the teacher an opportunity to assess the language skill level of pupils and can apply necessary changes in the lesson plan when appropriate. Kindergarten is the stage where children are beginning to read or has just learned how to read. This skill must be enhanced to enable the pupils to acquire other knowledge through the skill of reading. 1. Colorful representation of the alphabets should be used where consonants and vowels are segregated. Most likely, children already know what they are but it would be necessary for them to recite them just to familiarize them. 3. When the pupil has already a grasp that the combination of consonants and vowels actually forms a word, they will be engaged in a game of word creation where they will be given letter blocks to construct words by pairing the letters. 1. To encourage children to work independently and still interested with the subject matter, present them

Factors behind Malysias economic boom

Factors behind Malysias economic boom Malaysia is a country endowed with rich resources, possesses well-developed infrastructure and is socio-politically stable. Malaysia has achieved fairly impressive economic success since 1970. Before 1969, Malaysia underwent poverty, unemployment and inter-ethnic economic imbalances caused by colonialism and then by the laissez-faire policies after Independence (Gomez Jomo 1999). From a poverty-stricken country that relies on agriculture and raw materials(rubber and tin exports) as nations economic source, Malaysia has now advance to an export-oriented industrialisation stimulated by technology intensive, knowledge based and capital intensive industries. Malaysia a multicultural country comprised of the 3 dominant ethnic group, Malay(50.4%), Chinese (23.7%) and Indian(7.1%) with an approximate population of 28 million, she is able to maintain economic advance within social unity (CIA World Factbook, 2010). Hence, in appreciative of Malaysias economic success in a sustained multicult ural unison, this essay will provide an overview on the government efforts in moving Malaysias dependence on low-income agricultural sector to export-oriented industrialisation (EOI) as well as attracting lucrative foreign direct investments (FDI). To address these, this essay will be divided into four sections. The first section will present a short account of indicators on Malaysias real GDP and poverty incidence. The second section, divided into subsections, will illustrates the major factors behind Malaysias economic boom in industrialisation and FDI since 1970, primarily through government intervention. The third section will attempt to evaluate Malaysias future economic challenges of how distributive policies may have hindered Malaysias future economic growth. The last section of the essay suggests recommendations on Malaysias approach in sustaining and improving economic growth. MALAYSIAS REAL GDP AND POVERTY INCIDENCE Graph 1 shows the real GDP growth and inflation in percentage of Malaysias economy. Based on the graph, the real growth rate averaged 7.8 per cent per annum during the 1970s but slowed to 6.9% during 1980 fell negative 1 percent in 1985, with better macroeconomic policies and market-based reforms, the Malaysian economy resumed rapid growth in 1987. Over the nine years to 1997, the average growth of GDP accelerates to over 8 per cent. Overall, Malaysias averaged 6.5 per cent of real GDP from 1971 to 2009 is a considerably impressive figure by developing country standards. The inflation rate although highest in 1974 at 17.4 per cent, the inflation has been kept relatively low after the first oil shock, averaging below 4 per cent from 1975 to 2009. Although unemployment rate was relatively higher for the first 2 decade during the implementation of NEP, it averages below 4 percent during the implementation of New Development Policy (NDP) and National Vision Policy (NVP). Graph 2 illustrates the incidence of poverty in Malaysia from 1970 to 1999. The total poverty of incidence shows a declining pattern up to 1997 but the rate moved up slightly in response to the Asian Financial Crisis. 85,900 households poverty in urban areas was reduced to 57,100 in 1993 whereas rural poverty reduced from 791,800 households to 268,200 in 1993. The large decrease in poverty incidence was a result from the growth in the economy, which created job opportunities in the non-traditional sectors (Zin ). FACTORS BEHIND MALAYSIAS ECONOMIC GROWTH Implementation of NEP (1971-1990) One of the major factors that boost Malaysias economic growth was the implementation of the New Economic Policy (NEP) from 1971-1990. According to Athukurola, at independence, native Malays accounted for 52% of the population and dominated politics but were relatively poor as involved mostly in low-productive agricultural activities(Barlow, 2001). However, the ethnic Chinese comprising 37% of the population enjoyed greater economic strength and dominated the most modern sector activities(Barlow, 2001). Of the 49 per cent of household in peninsular that received an income below the poverty line, 88 percent were found in the rural areas. Farmers made up 48 per cent and 30 per cent were farm or estate labourers. (Cho, 1990 p.68) Hence, the NEP prime objectives were to attain national harmony and inter-racial economic parity by eradicating poverty irrespective of race and to eliminate the association of race with economic role by reforming the society (Gomez Jomo, 1999, p. 24). For the former, the overall development plan was reformulated with emphasis on EOI, and development program on rural and urban areas (Menon 2008). The latters objective called for greater government intervention mainly on ethnic affirmative action, which includes accelerating expansion of the Malay middle class, accumulating Malay ownership of share capital in limited companies and producing Malay entrepreneurs (Gomez). In conjunction with the NEP, the main aim of the First Malaysia Plan (1996-70) was to promote agricultural and industrial activities so as to diversify the economy and create employment. Accordingly, the focus was on labour-intensive import and export substitution(). Hence, to achieve these goals, part of the NEP aimed at changing the employment patterns in the urban areas to reflect the racial composition of the country, and increasing Bumiputera equity in corporate ownerships from 2% in 1970 to 30% by 1990 (Menon). In order to achieve the restructuring objective, th e government established a large number of public enterprises such as Petronas(National Oil Corporation), Malaysian Airline System (MAS), and the Heavy Industries Corporation of Malaysia(HICOM) as well as trust agencies such as National Equity Corporation(PNB) and Amanah Saham Nasional (ASN) (Toh, 1989). Emphasis on EOI Industrialisation appears to be the key sector that led to economic growth in Malaysia. The export coefficient (total merchandise exports as a percentage of GDP) of around 50% in 1965 1880 increased modestly during the 1970s slowed in the first half of the 1980s and rose sharply from about 1987( Athukurola). The ratio was 96% in the mid-1990s. Malaysias export coefficient was the third largest in the developing world in the decade up to the late 1990s coming after the 170 percent of Singapore and 140 percent of Hong Kong. During the 1970s increasing commodities prices were a major determinant of high growth rates. (Africa). The fast-growing manufacturing industry became known as the engine of growth to the country (rasiah rajah). Based on table above, manufacturing sector contributed constant growth rates to the GDP throughout the years and during the NEP period, the percentage rose from a mere 13.9 percent to a substantial share of 27 percent. The Second Malaysia Plan (1971-75) paid much attention to EOI, in addition to increased direct government participation in commercial and industrial activities which signalled a drastic departure from the earlier practice. Structural changes in the Malaysian economy are also reflected in the changing pattern of sectoral employment, with the contribution of agriculture to employment declining from 53.5 per cent in 1970 to 15.2 per cent in 1997 and that of manufacturing rising from 8.7 per cent to 27.5 per cent over the same period (Table 2). Under the Third Malaysia Plan (1976-80), resource-based industries were given a boost, thanks primarily to the discovery of oil and gas. Education and training in the field of industrial engineering were given much emphasis, to relieve shortage of skilled manpower.Among some of the efforts that drove EOI was the opening of Free Trade Zones and licensed manufacturing warehouses in 1972(Jomo,p. 119) The main task of the Fourth Malaysia Plan (1981-85) was to boost productivity, expand the industrial base and modernise the services sector. In addition, small-scale industries were promoted through the provision of training and financing facilities. The Malaysian government had a heavy hand in the launching of the ambitious heavy industrialisation programme in the early 1980s. The establishment of Heavy Industries Corporation of Malaysia (HICOM) was a strong manifestation of direct government involvement in the countrys industrial development. To both deepen the industrial structure and extend the into high value industries, formed HICOM, a series of heavy and chemical firms in sectors such as steel, cement, automobiles,chemicals, and paper and pulp(Ritchie p.749) Apparently, the policy decision in favour of heavy industrialisation was inspired by the Korean model of industrial development based on the practice of picking winners. In fact, the First Industrial Master Plan (1985-95) had Korean fingerprints all over. The Malaysian heavy industries have been in trouble, saddled with high production costs, heavy debts, market glut and excess capacity. They are simply uncompetitive. They could not have survived, had it not been for state patronage and strong protection. Contribution of FDI to Malaysias Economy Foreign direct investment(FDI) also contributed largely to Malaysias economy. A large number of empirical studies on the role of FDI in host countries suggest that FDI is an important source of capital, complements domestic private investment, is usually associated with new job opportunities and enhancement of technology transfer, and boosts overall economic growth in host countries(Karimi Yusop). To attract a larger inflow of FDI, the government introduced more liberal incentives including allowing a larger percentage of foreign equity ownership in enterprise under the Promotion of Investment Act (PIA), 1986. This effort resulted in a large inflow of FDI after 1987(the inflow of FDI grew at an annual average rate of 38.7 percent between 1986 and 1996). The major areas of investment by foreign companies are in sectors such as electronics and electrical products, chemicals and chemical products, basic metal products, non-metallic mineral products, food manufacturing, plastic products , and scientific and measuring equipment.(Ministry of Finance, 2001). Apart from these policy factors, it is generally believed that sound macroeconomic management, sustained economic growth, and the presence of a well functioning financial system have made Malaysia an attractive prospect for FDI. (Ministry of Finance, 2001). Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been seen as a key driver underlying the strong growth performance experienced by the Malaysian economy. Policy reforms, including the introduction of the Investment Incentives Act 1968, the establishment of FTZs in the early 1970s, and the provision of export incentives alongside the acceleration of open policy in the 1980s, led to a surge of FDI in the late 1980s. WHERE FROM HERE? In determining the future of Malaysia, the government has implemented the National Vision Policy (NVP) First we need to be independent. Local market too protected by the government. Proton. CamPro CONCLUSION To sum up, the economic growth was mainly a result of government outward-oriented policy stance government redistributive policies The profile of the Malaysian economy has changed radically since 1970. It is no longer dependent on a few primary commodities. Its production base has broadened, with manufacturing accounting for a growing share of national output and employment. The Malaysian economy has become more open and outward looking over the years.

Comparing The Jewel in the Crown and Wuthering Heights Essay -- compar

Similarities in The Jewel in the Crown and Wuthering Heights      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "He stood a stranger in this breathing world, An erring spirit from another hurl'd... What had he been?   What was he, thus unknown? Who walked their world, his lineage all unknown?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   George Gordon, Lord Bryon (1788-1824)       This except of a poem from the Romantic period could be used to describe two characters from two different works of different time periods.   Heathcliff - the "dark-skinned gypsy" with the "manners of a gentleman"(WH 5) is the villain/hero of Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights (1847) and Hari - the very English, Hindu-Indian, outcast/hero of Paul Scott's The Jewel in the Crown (1966) share many common characteristics.   Both represent a lower class of dark-skinned people that are disadvantaged by the times and societies that they live in.   Each fights outward prejudices as well as their own inner battles to determine self-worth.   Heathcliff and Hari find themselves in love with white-skinned women who represent the superior class in...

Frito Lay Company Essay

Let’s look at how the potato chip came to be. In 1853 the first potato chip was invented by a chef at the Saratoga Springs New York resort in 1853. It was created because one of the customers at the resort keep sending them back because they were too thick, soggy and had no taste to it. Crum then decided to fry them and sprinkled them with salt for taste. They were soon a regular item on the menu. Later, around the 1920’s they then moved from restaurants to being massed produced. Once they came up with a way to keep them fresh and from breaking up, they were able to put them into mass production 1920‘s. Frito Lay was created in 1938 by Herman Lay. Frito Lay is one of the leading potato chip companies in the United States for many years. They continue to post recording breaking numbers in all of their brands. One of their enduring brands is the Lays potato chips. These potato chips can be found in many different flavors. The currently are barbecue, sour cream and onion, ranch and many others. However, this industry is highly competitive and there are large manufactures that have many types of products and other snacks. Smaller companies have found a way to compete with the larger companies. These small companies have gained footing by introducing the new healthier chips that are now being sold in health food stores. A lot of concern about the Salt content is what enable smaller companies to compete. They focused on these healthier brands and have introduced a product that is totally opposite of the major brands. Lays has also added Dips to their brand. They currently consist of Ranch, French onion and etc. This was created because dip is consistently served with potato chips at events such as birthday parties, foot ball parties, luncheons and etc. Frito Lay Extended Enterprise Supply Chain Farm Manufacturer Warehouse/ Retailer Consumer Distributor When it comes to potato chips, the industries in the extended supply are few. The first industry is the farm where the potato chip comes from. They are currently located in cities like North Dakota, New England, Florida, Michigan, Texas and California and etc. They are also located in Central and South America, Brazil, Europe, in Leicester and Coventry England, Asia, Middle East & Africa and India. These farms have been picked for their potatoes that will be used in the making of the potato chip. Because a potato is something you can grow yourself, it is very easy to make potato chips. However, these potatoes are planted and treated with the utmost of care to produce a high quality product. The potatoes are grown and harvested and then they are shipped to a Frito-Lay plant. When they arrived the first thing they do is wash them. They are then peeled with the utmost care. Next they are then cut into slices and then rinsed again to remove particles produced from the cutting. They are then cooked in oils such as sunflower, canola and corn oil. These are very important because they are considered all-natural oils. They contain 0g trans fat and are considered lower in saturated fats. Once dried, they are then sprinkled with salt for taste. Because creating these potato chips is so simple they can be created in less than a day. Once they are packaged, they are then sent out to distributions centers worldwide. This is where the products are stored and then loaded on to trucks and then taken out to stores, gas stations, vending machines and etc. Frito lay currently markets to a wide variety of consumers. One consumer is high school teens and college age students. They have many different places where they consume the product. One of the ways in which they consume the product is in sports and entertainment areas such as movie theaters or sports stadiums. Another place it is being consumed is in the home. Frito Lay has focused on the snack side for many years. These are the type of people who would eat these snacks and did not care about their weight or being healthy. But recently, Frito Lay has changed to targeting more healthy consumers also. With the way the world is changing constantly, Frito-lay is always trying to keep up by targeting with the ever changing times. Because so many people are becoming health conscious, Frito-lay as also targeted this audience. They have come up with some products that allow the consumer to also focus on their health and physical appearance. In order for Frito-lay to stay competitive, it is apparent that they have to target this demographic also because in the recent years some of their snacks have been losing sales. Another of their target audience is the Hispanic market. Hispanic market are targeted because the chips can sometime be the meal or a side dish to the meal. Also this demographic is constantly growing in numbers and have become an important and influential part of society. Frito-Lay’s wholesale and distribution consumers are also a major business. They are the resellers such as retailers and wholesaler who buy Frito-Lay’s finished goods and resell them for a profit. Frito Lay also sells directly to large retailers and retail chains and through wholesalers to smaller retail units. Frito- Lays itself also targets big business customers of other companies. Lay’s identify prospective buyers, monitor current customers’ needs and levels of satisfactions, and personally attend to existing customers. Essentially, Frito lay’s target consumer consists of everyone. It consists of Frito-Lay constantly changing their product to keep up with the changing taste of the consumer. In getting the product to the consumer, Frito-Lay has experienced bottlenecks. This is usually seen with the individuals who deliver the product to the shelves. They are the individuals who places the product on the shelves for the consumer to buy. Obviously this is a very important part of getting the product to the consumer. Frito-lay found that the sales portions was hindering the driver getting the product to the stores on time. Therefore, they separated the two which helped tremendously. Conclusion: Frito-Lay’s new product development, advertising, and marketing efforts continues to help them to grow in the salty snack market. Frito-Lay’s measures economic activity which aids them in improving their organization. Their industrial production and manufacturing production had made them the leading snack food organization in the world. Frito-Lay continues to try and have an enormous amount of knowledge at its fingertips. It continues to ascertain seasonal local demand of each of its products and exactly how much inventory each store has at any time. By keeping track of this information, it helps to better plan seasonal and local promotions. By knowing specific inventory at each store, Frito-Lay could better plan and improve its routing and inventory systems. References: Çetinkaya, S., ÃÅ"ster, H., Easwaran, G., & Keskin, B. (2009). An Integrated Outbound Logistics Model for Frito-Lay: Coordinating Aggregate-Level Production and Distribution Decisions. Interfaces, 39(5), 460-475. Feld, C. S. (1990). Directed decentralization: the Frito Lay story. Financial Executive, 6(6), 22-25. â€Å"Frito-Lay History†. Frito-Lay North America, Inc.. Retrieved 4 January 2013 @ www.fritolay.com Jacobson, G. (1989). How Frito-Lay Stays in the Chips. Management Review, 78(12), 11.

UN Member essays

UN Member essays As a UN member, I must make choices that will be beneficial to not only one nation, but also the entire world. Many of the decisions made will impact the future of the world. The topics being discussed are Torture, AIDS, Death Penalty, and extreme poverty. These topics have been top national concerns for many nations, they affect many aspects of the way their people live their lives. Everything from the food they eat to the economy they bare, these topics have will affect everyones lives. Torture has become recent news in Iraq. Many Iraqis have been put into jails, where only until recently has it become uncovered that they were beaten and abused. Lawyers from the Bush administration have said that the Geneva Convention did not protect the Iraqi Prisoners because they were yet to be declared prisoners of war (rediff.com). So far the Iraqi prisoners have been labeled detainees, therefore they are incapable of using the Geneva Convention, which protects prisoners of war. As of now, the only prisoner of war is Saddam Hussein. According to the same lawyers, they are not even protected under any international treaties, or rules of war (msnbc.com). Al Queda and the Taliban have gained the title of outlaws, since they have employed methods that contradict the rules of war and they have no care for international borders. Therefore they are not protected by any laws, which defend the rights of the people. Yet at the same time, an UN expert of Human Rights has declared the freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment as non-derogable rights. Since the prisoners are still covered under the protection of the Fourth Geneva Convention, they had the right to the protection guaranteed by the law. In a Justice Department memo, written for the CIA late in the fall of 2001, put an extremely narrow interpretation on the international anti-torture convention, allowing the agency to use a whol...

Ten top spelling tips - Emphasis

Ten top spelling tips Ten top spelling tips English can be a confusing language. Swapping one word for another that sounds exactly the same (a homophone) can alter the meaning completely. Picking the right one gives your business writing credibility. Here are some commonly confused words clarified, to help you make the right choice every time. 1. Practice and Practise Practice with a c is the noun so it can mean a rehearsal, a run-through or an office belonging to certain professionals. For example, a doctors practice, a lawyers practice or the dreaded dentists practice. Practise with an s is the verb (in UK English) and means to do or to carry out. So you could say, Tracey practised singing Madonnas Like a Virgin on several occasions. But it didnt help her get into the Pop Idol final or, Plan B, the convent. Note that US English uses practice for both noun and verb. 2. Desert and Dessert A desert is a wasteland or a wilderness that quite often features sand and a few camels. A dessert is a big fat pudding! Think ss for sugary sweet. 3. Your and Youre Use your when talking about your pen, your file, your desk. Use youre when you mean you are. For example, Youre going to work today. Because your boss will give you the heave-ho if you take another sick day. 4. There, Theyre and Their Arranging a night out at a swanky bar with your friends? You can say, Great, Ill see you there! Theyre sure to wear their finest cocktail attire. 5. Affect and Effect A person can be affected by an incident whereas an effect is the result of an incident. For example, Jim was deeply affected by his wife running off with the Australian travel rep. The effects of this were: he had a funny turn whenever Skippy the Bush Kangaroo was on TV, and he decided to holiday in Skegness, not Sydney, in future. 6. Horde and Hoard Horde can be used to describe a crowd. For example, hordes of people attended the rugby match. Whereas a hoard is a stash of treasure. 7. Stationary and Stationery Confused about when to use stationery or stationary? When you are writing about paper products or similar, think e for exercise book and use stationery. Or you could think of a stationary car, which rhymes with ar. 8. Canvass and Canvas A slimy politician will canvass votes. But canvas is a type of material favoured by artists – or boy scouts pitching their tents. 9. Bare and Bear When the sun comes out, Britons strip off and bare all in their swimming costumes! But can you bear the sight of all that exposed flesh? 10. Compliment and Complement To compliment someone is to make an encouraging remark. Complementing them, however, may be more welcome, as it means to support or help.

GUN CONTROL LAWS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

GUN CONTROL LAWS - Research Paper Example Evolution of gun control laws in the United States Although gun battles and issues related to it are getting higher in various parts of America, gun control in general is encouraged by a few Americans. They support handgun control in particular. The gun laws in United States are mentioned in the Second Amendment of the United States Constitution. The gun control in the United States may be Federal, State or even local gun control. Congress in 1934 commenced the first major gun control in 1934 which emphasized on the regulation of the firearms like machine guns. This was followed by a new federal law in 1938 which imposed license on the gun sellers. This also put restriction on aggressive individuals from purchasing guns. An additional ‘Gun Control Act’ passed in 1968 stressed on the regulation of imported guns and expanded the regulations passed in the previous law. An obligatory penalty for the utilization of gun was established by the federal legislation in 1986 follow ed by prohibiting the manufacturing and importation of semi-automatic assault weapons. The gun control law passed by congress in 1994 has proved out to be the most prominent attempt at the national gun control. Ban on certain assault weapons also accompanied the 1aw passed in 1994 which expire in 2004. Along with the federal gun control, state and local legislation play their role in gun control. Leaving a loaded weapon with easy access of a minor has been regarded as a crime by the legislation passed by the state. As part of gun control, some states forbid concealed weapons while some others highlight on putting forward the requirement former to the obtaining of license to bear the concealed weapons. â€Å"States also regulate private sales to minors and all secondary market sales.† (Gun control policy issues, n.d.). California imposed ban on certain automatic weapons in 1989 followed by its extension by some other states. Most of the states have ‘preemption’ la ws forbidding the gun control ordinances from local authorities. Few states use additional state data for background study before the issue of handgun authority (Gun control policy issues). Multiple responses to regulations Gun control laws in the United States are believed to have brought significant reduction in the access of guns by immoral and illegal individuals. There exist controversies in the implementation efficiency of the federal laws. Some advocates claim that federal laws have indeed proved to be a milestone in the gun control efforts. They assert that state laws cannot be as effective as federal laws in restricting the states with few state laws from being the sources of guns for the immoral flow of guns to the restrictive states. The proponents of the federal laws have suggested for slight variations in the federal law components which would add to the effectiveness of laws and ensure the public safety. At the same time, there is equal denial on this claim from the op ponents. â€Å"They argue that controls often create burdens for law-abiding citizens and infringe upon constitutional rights provided by the Second Amendment† (Gun Control). The opponents show little satisfaction on the

Produce a written technical report on one of these topics (please see Essay

Produce a written technical report on one of these topics (please see description) - Essay Example Turbine gas engines have almost replaced the piston engines in the aviation industry for aircraft power generation. Categorized as turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, or turboshaft engine, the gas turbine engines are the most significant breakthrough in the history of aviation. Constant (1980) highlights that specific to their purpose, different types of engines are employed in the industry. Design characteristics including number of spools, principle of compression, distribution of airflow within the engine, utilization of the exhaust gas are the main deciding factors for this purpose. Basically, four types of turbine engines are used in aviation industry, these include In Turbojet and turbofan engines, reaction of exhaust gases leaving the exhaust nozzle is used ro produce thrust. Turbofan engines are further classified as as high-bypass or low-bypass-ratio engines based on requirements of mass flow. A typical schematic diagram of turbofan and turbojet engines is shown below for reference study. In third type of gas engines, turboprop, propeller is driven a turbine rotated by hot gases. Major portion of the exhaust gases is absorbed by turbine to produce mechanical work with a very small portion to produce thrust. Below is a schematic diagram of the turboprop engine. Air intake is the most important part of a subsonic and a supersonic aircraft as it ensure optimum supply of air to engine for producing required thrust. The design of intakes depends on engine requirements and aircraft design speeds. since the primary task of air intakes is to supply air for engine, then the ultimate responsibility for air intake design is attributed to aircraft airframe designer rather than engine designer. Therefore, it is important that both designers work in coordination with each other to reach optimum design (Mattingly 2005). The intake design such that it ensures that required amount of air

Even Dogs Need Angels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Even Dogs Need Angels - Essay Example I had decided that today would be my last. I asked to meet with Dr. Mary Lou Alvarez, the head of the Pet Clinic, and though I was prepared to have her sign my termination paperwork, I would first ask to be allowed to work in the business office. I explained to Dr. Alvarez that the job wasn't at all as I had expected. The only experience I was getting was in baby-sitting sick pets and learning how not to run a business. I thanked her for offering me the opportunity and, still hoping for an office job, proceeded to offer my "just enough to be dangerous" knowledge of business. I threw in the standard clichs' from the latest Donald Trump book that I had just read and advised her that by moving her practice to the suburbs she would have "access to a more lucrative market" where there would be a "wealthier customer base" that wouldn't need the "massive amounts of credit" she was extending. I felt that my speech was having an impact on her as Dr. Alvarez smiled and allowed me to finish without interruption. Dr. Alvarez then began by telling me that she hadn't always been interested in veterinarian medicine either. When she was twelve years old her pet collie had gotten hit and sustained a broken leg with internal injuries.

Captain Corellis Essay Example for Free

Captain Corellis Essay By focusing on at least three characters from Captain Corellis Mandolin, consider the importance of the range of viewpoints used in the novel. Throughout the novel, Louis de Berniere gives every character a clear identity. By this every individual is representative of those that were present at the time of the war. This identity entitles them to show the reader different prospective and viewpoints on how they feel. Thus it portrays a sense of reality as it is not all fiction and does consist of facts from the war. However I do feel that there are central characters in the novel that make it seem more interesting and therefore grip the reader to make us want to read on. These characters dont only represent the individuals in the horrific war but manage to make the storyline seem more intriguing. Dr Iannis, Pelagia, Carlo and Mandras are selected well by Berniere to highlight different views of different people from different places. Captain Corellis Mandolin opens with an insight into Dr Ianniss daily routine. He is perhaps the most educated individual on the island and therefore well respected and known by all those who live amongst him. He is symbolic of the independence of Greece and through him we gain an incite into the historic and patriotic pride of Cephallonia. The deep desire and passion for the island is portrayed by the doctor are clear as he begins to describe the infamous island; Cephallonia rises improvidently and inadvisedly from the Ionian Sea, it is an island so immense in aniquity. rocks themselves exhale nostalgia However his views about the island, its past and its peoples beliefs prove to be inevitably subjective also showing us the history itself is subjective. This part is included by the author in the very first chapter to make readers know Dr Iannis and understand the way Cephallonians live and think. This clearly indicates the fact that this place isnt just a common ground but is, in fact a true beauty of nature to Dr Iannis. Having the doctor describe this makes us realize his view on the country and how he feels it should be written down in history as. Also the doctors occupation tells us that he is a man who likes to help others and therefore his character becomes more appealing and loved by the audience. His simple but actually quite basic procedures of operating such as carefully inserted the straightend hook into the hirsute orifice makes the patient very thankful and increases the doctors need to be with his people. The method itself sounds very complex yet in reality the operation is a simple one but as Dr Iannis is carrying it out, Bernieres adds sophisticated language to show the high level of intelligence the doctor has. Education is the reason why the doctor and his daughter stand at the top of the islands hierarchical system, and are therefore respected more than the commoners. The war brings out a side of Dr Iannis which is slightly more opinionated. We later realize that he is more into politics than he at first seems. He predicted that Greece was going to be attacked before war was even apposed upon them. To get his view across he prepares or rehearses a speech for Kokolios about Communism and its connection to Capitalism however doesnt manage to tell him as Lemoni interrupts. Pelagia is a young, ambitious women who takes after her father. She too would like to be a doctor even though she knows that women of her time have restrictions opposed onto them by a male dominating society. Her first patient was her fianci Mandras; its an irritant when the lice have gone, but oil of paraffin takes about two weeks to work This keen interest Pelagia has in medicine makes her question her future. As she goes to help Mandras with his poor health and severe condition, she realizes that she has learnt enough from her father and is in doubt about there being such a thing as a doctor who was also a woman. However it is this knowledge and education that Pelagia obtains which makes the division between Mandras and herself wider. In addition this event of her lover returning home in this condition makes Pelagia hate war even more and blames it for standing between her love and his love to fight. Pelagia is described as an attractive woman and many men on the island fall in love with both her beauty and intelligence, combining to make a perfect ideal for a woman. However, Pelagias perfection is her own downfall as she is confused about what to do when the captain is the one she loves. As of this the Doctor continued talking to Pelagia about her situation, and reminded her that she was betrothed to Mandras and that technically the captain was an enemy. He told her that love was a temporary madness; it erupted like volcanoes and then it subsided. Then he pressed her hand harder and told her that marrying the Captain would be impossible until their homeland was liberated. One can only forgive a sin after the sinner has finished committing  , he said and argued that there was an equation to be balanced, with love on one side and dishonour on the other, adding that Mandras may still have been amongst the living. To this Pelagia responds by saying i You make everything squalid. You dont know how it isi. Even though later on Dr Iannis tells her that he knows how it is, because her mother had been betrothed to someone else, and he shared all her feelings. She still doesnt realize why all this has to happen to her and says to her father that The captain has never tried to compromise me. The doctor says that Corelli is a good man but there are restrictions set and Pelagia can not go ahead with this as it is immoral and the war again is standing in her way. Mandras effectively speaks behind the veil, in secret, to the reader. What he actually went through and the way he returned from the front are revealed in his stream of thought. He starts by pointing out the indecency of his mother and his fiance seeing him naked amidst the infections, rashes and parasites infesting This portrays war as an inhumane and revolting event to be part of. All those who go to war in one way or another are infected. Whether thats physically or mentally. Then he goes on to describe what he thinks death is a brother and not an enemy He has obviously been very affected because he goes on about death being beautiful, a saviour and a good friend. However, he does not go so far as to say that it keeps him going; Pelagia does. Mandras proceeds to venerate her beauty and to say that she meant home to him, but that he has noticed that she is disgusted with her returning hero. From this he concludes that she does not think he is good enough for her and feels her love for him as changed into a formality. He realizes she may no longer have deep feelings for him, but cant understand why. Bernieres makes Mandras a lucky survivor from the war front so his description is the only valid one of the war. He describes the walk as an unpleasant travesy through the remnants of the war; decaying donkeys, charred bodies, crippled tanks and vast amounts of abandoned, useless equipment

Alienation Essay -- essays research papers

Love is one of the most liberating connections two people can hold between each other when it is authentic and sincere. Many find completion and satisfaction when they find this ideal, true love in another. However, when love is turned into a faà §ade in order to create the image of an perfect, fulfilling relationship, it can be alienating and destructive. In Walker Percey’s essay, The Man on the Train, he claims that love is ultimately a source of alienation instead of an escape into wonderful satisfaction. This theory is exemplified in Frank Capra’s It Happened One Night, a story of a woman, Ellie, on a journey to fill her void of true love and escape her feelings of alienation. only exacerbates her sense of alienation instead of functioning as a cure. Until Ellie can find real love within herself she will never be fully satisfied with her life. In the mean time she involves herself in many different scenarios with various men seeking some form of love, her distract ion from alienation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The opening scene of â€Å"It Happened One Night† illustrates that Ellie has all the luxuries one can wish for, yet she is still dissatisfied with her life. She argues that although she is given everything she is still not happy. During an argument with Peter Ellie explains the reason for her alienation, â€Å"People who are spoiled are accustomed to having their own way. I never have. On the contrary. I've always been told what to do, and how to do it, and when, and with whom.† As a result she finds herself on a quest for her husband to be, King Westley, whom her father strongly disapproves of. In the course of her search she falls in love, yet again with Peter Warne. By the end of the movie Ellie and Peter seemingly live happily ever after. The love that Elle pursues is a forged feeling. She shifts so easily from her adoration for King Westley to her love for Peter Warne that it leads one to believe that it is disingenuous. Throughout â€Å"It Happened One Night† Ellie is being taken care of by someone else other than herself. In the beginning her father looks after her. Then on her search for her husband, Peter takes Ellie under her wing. The men in her life all play a role of a nurturer or a protector, in a sense replacing the role of her father. Ellie is essentially in search of a man that can support and nurture her. The men that fulfill Ellie’s needs in... ... (Percy 99). Furthermore â€Å"[Ellie] is taking refuge in the standard rotation of the soap opera, the acceptable rhythm of the Wellisian-Huxleyan-Nathanian romance of love among the ruins† (99). Although Ellie believes she is truly in love with Peter and plays a part in a great adventure of romance, she is just following a well-known path another has already taken. Percy continues to say that Ellie’s passion for Peter is â€Å"far from being a free exploration, it is in reality a conforming to the most ritualistic of gestures: that which is thought to be proper and fitting for a sexual adventure† (99). Finally, Ellie’s pursuit for love does not prove to be an effective method to terminate alienation. Her love for Peter will only last as long as it can attain her attention, or until the next gentleman with a flair for adventure comes along. Ellie will continuously seek love from various people. Until Ellie tires from â€Å"excursions into the interesting† and begins a journey â€Å"into [her] own past in the search for [herself]† (95) will she find authentic deliverance from alienation. As a result love only plays a part as a distraction from her boredom, and plunges herself deeper into alienation.

Importance of Knowing Grammar to Students Essay

â€Å"indeed.† Grammar is the backbone of a language and without it any single thing you know may be flux, in a sort of jelly without much consistency. In a nutshell, grammar provides you with the structure you need in order to organize and put your messages and ideas across. It is the railway through which your messages will be transported. Without it, in the same way as a train cannot move without railways, you won’t be able to convey your ideas to their full extension without a good command of the underlying grammar patterns and structures of the language. I understand that many students ask this question simply because in their own experience they have always been presented with two main scenarios, and nothing in between. They want to know where they are going to be standing as regards to their learning. Which are those two scenarios? Well, in one extreme we have those language courses that teach grammar almost exclusively, as if preparing the students to be grammarians of the second language rather than users. In the other extreme we have those â€Å"communicative† courses in which the only thing that is done is to talk about something or to read an article and comment on it. In many cases, what is seen in one class has no resemblance to what is done in the next. In my experience, both scenarios may seem good for very specific purposes but I personally feel both are inappropriate for most language learners. For starters, by itself, a good command of the grammar of a language does not imply that the person is able to communicate effectively, as we usually see with students who have only been exposed to an all-grammar-oriented approach sometimes for many years. Many could recite the grammar by heart but if asked to express basic information, they would hesitate too much and browse through all the grammar rules in their heads before making an utterance, or simply dry up. Secondly, just talking in class without anything else done in order to learn from the actual conversation is not good enough either. It may be helpful of course, but up to a certain point. This approach may be more useful for very advanced students who just need to brush up their second language, but for those in need of building up the foundations of a new language, it is certainly too vague and flux, without any consistency. So then, when asked: â€Å"is grammar really important for a second language learner?† I always say â€Å"yes†, but, the real question, or issue here is not whether grammar is important or not but rather how we should present grammar to our students. You may be surprised to hear that most of my own students, even advanced ones, have very little awareness of grammar jargon and terminology, in spite of the fact that they can make a pretty good use of the second language. â€Å"How is that possible?† you may ask. First and foremost, teachers need to know precisely what they are trying to prepare their students for. I do know that what I want is to â€Å"create† users of a new language. I want to prepare people to actually engage in communicative situations using appropriate language and patterns. I am definitely not interested in their explaining to me or making a mental list of all the grammar uses that a certain pattern has. For example, think of your own native language. Name all the tenses that you can find in your own native tongue with their corresponding uses and structures. Unless you are a teacher, a translator or someone who needs to have a very good grasp of this meta-language, more likely than not you may feel at a loss to answer that question. And that does NOT mean in any sense that you are not a terrific user of that language. After all, you can understand and express whatever you want with ease. What is more, by being able to do so, you show an awesome command of the internal grammar of the language. If you knew no grammar patterns you would not be able to make a single sentence but you can. This means that although you may lack the conscious ability to describe how your language works (i.e. its grammar) you can use it perfectly. You are a user of the language. You make a perfect use of the grammar of your native language intuitively or unconsciously. Again, our primary goal as second language teachers must be to create users or the language, not linguists! It escapes the aim of this article to describe how we can achieve this but basically we are going to name the main elements to consider to create â€Å"language users.† To begin with, it should be noted that whatever we present our students with should follow a progression from the very general meaning to the very specific pattern or structure we want them to learn (or that they need to learn of course). I would like to highlight that all this takes place within the same class. Before we start to use the material we have selected, it would be good to introduce the students to the topic you are going to work on. You can have them guess or infer what the material will say about it, they can make predictions and when they fail to use appropriate language, you may provide it. This is good to elicit vocabulary that may be necessary for them to know in order to understand the topic. After you have created curiosity in the topic and provided students with key terms on the topic, make sure you follow a progression such as the one that follows: 1) Provide them with exposure to real language and real situations IN CONTEXT. 2) Initial focus on gist, not form. 3) Focus on more specific meaning. 4) We can then focus on very specific meaning. 5) Analysis and systematization: after we make sure the students have a good understanding of the whole material, you can have them focus on particular items or patterns that may be important for them to learn at their stage (i.e. grammar) You can systematize it more formally and teach them how it works. After all, they have already seen it in practice and they have also worked around meaning, now it is time for them to learn how to use it. 6) Give them exercises for them to practice the new structure. Do not be afraid of using grammar drills and patterns. They could be VERY useful for them to fix the new structures in their brains. 7) Give them homework to force them to revise this at a later time. The homework does not necessarily need to be communicative in nature. Profit from the time in class to communicate and interact. If possible, avoid drilling activities while you are with them in class. However, the time they are on their own could be very well used to do all the drilling and rote practice that may prove useful for them to gain a good command of the grammar form you are trying to teach them. Personally I feel that the time in class must be used for providing learners with as many communicative situations as possible, rather than making them focus on drills and patterns that they could easily practise on their own. 8) Provide them with ample opportunities to practice what they have learned in REAL or REALISTIC communicative situations. Create situations so that they can make lots of mistakes and encourage them to improve on them by reminding them of what they have studied. 9) Recycle and mention the topic again as many times as necessary, time and again. This is essential for them to finally acquire the new structures in a natural way. As you can see, I am not condemning grammar at all as some readers may feel when in my articles I complain about teachers working almost exclusively with a grammar-oriented approach. On the contrary, I feel it is essential in order to master a language. However, how grammar is presented to the students is what really matters. I utterly disagree with those teachers who come to class and tell the class: â€Å"Open your books. Today we will learn the â€Å"Simple Present Tense.† In the suggested steps to follow in any class, you will have noticed that I have used a quite eclectic approach, starting from a communicative situation (steps 1-4) with the focus on understanding the message from the gist up to very detailed info and later, and only later, once meaning is clearly understood, we reach the grammar item we may need our students to learn at their stage. The obvious advantage of this approach is that while dealing with grammar, the students will have a clear idea of the context in which it was used and the communicative need it satisfied.

Impact of Terrorism and Violence on Global Tourism

Introduction According to World Travel and Tourism Council 1997, â€Å"Tourism Industry is the world’s prominent industries contributing $3. 6 trillion to the global gross domestic product (GDP) and employing 255 million people†. (Apostolopoulos, Sonmez &Tarlow 1999). It is also considered one of the most exciting and progressive industries which has a big impact on all other industries. Although tourism industry has shown tremendous growth in recent years providing incredible experiences to its consumers yet it remains highly prone to natural (e. g. Tsunami, Hurricane & volcanic eruptions) and human caused calamities (e. g. war, crime & terrorism). This essay therefore discusses about terrorism in relation to tourism. It focuses on the impacts of terrorism on global tourism and provides an understanding of the relationship between political instability, terrorism and tourism. Tourism, Political Instability and Violence Definition of terrorism† : ?† The US Department of State defines terrorism as â€Å". . . premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against civilians and unarmed military personnel by sub national groups†¦ sually intended to influence an audience†Ã¢â‚¬  ? (Sihmez 1998)   Definition of political instability† : ?† Political instability describes the condition of a country where a government â€Å"has been toppled, or is controlled by factions following a coup, or where basic functional pre-requisites for social-order control and maintenance are unstable and periodica lly disrupted†Ã¢â‚¬  ? (Cook 1990, cited in Sihmez 1998). The study of D’Amore & Anuza 1986 states that, â€Å"Closer scrutiny of terrorism- for the purpose of understanding some of its underlying currents-begs a look at world conditions. As a new millennium is about to begin, nations wrestle with hunger, disease, and numerous other socioeconomic and environmental problems, which are further exacerbated by the alarming growth in the world’s population rate, the combination of which may nurture terrorism. It is suggested that terrorist organizations can easily recruit members by offering better conditions to people living in undesirable circumstances in undeveloped nations†. Therefore, in a situation where terrorism is on rise, safety and stability are the two factors that cannot be ignored while undertaking travel to other countries. Over the years, tourism industry has undergone tremendous changes wherein crime and violence have increased to a great extent. Such exertions have had a big impact on tourists altering their travel. Political instability can be categorised into various forms such as: international war, riots, social unrest, civil war, terrorism etc. â€Å"Most of the evidence on tourist motivations points to fear and insecurity as a major barrier to travel and thus a limitation on the growth of the industry. In addition to the openly stated fear there is often an expression of lack of interest in travel, which can mask an underlying fear. In these circumstances, the possibility of terrorism, however remote, will have an effect on the tourism demand of a large number of potential tourists. † (eds Mansfeld & Pizam1996) Political instability and tourism can be best explained with an example of crackdown by Chinese government on students who protested in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square In a volume edited by Mansfeld & Pizam (1996), â€Å"The sight of tanks rolling into the Square; the violent battles between students and troops; the steadfastly uncompromising attitude of Chinese authorities; it was all watched by the world on prime-time television. And most people living in free societies felt revulsion and anger; those planning holidays to China cancelled, while those with a vague notion of visiting the country put it on hold for the distant future- if ever† General impacts of terrorism and political disturbances upon the tourism industry Even its demonstrated economic success does not shield international tourism from the sinister power of terrorism† (Sonmez, Sevil F. , 1998). No country is safe from the threat of terrorism and research has shown that no part of the world has been spared by it. The fear of a totally unexpected terrorist attack grips the mind of today’s tourist, irrespective of region he is travelling to. Terrorism started to t ake its toll on tourism from mid 80’s, when international tourism was at its peak (Sonmez, Sevil F. 1998), and it became a major concern for many countries. Its impacts vary from direct to indirect and individual to global. Usually, after a terrorist attack or violence erupted due to political clashes, a destination recovers back to its normal inflow of tourists in about a quarter, but some major incidents can also affect tourist visitation for a longer period of time, the reason being over popularity by the media (Sihmez, 1998). For example, India was overexposed in the media after the Mumbai attacks in November 2008 which has had a negative effect on inbound tourism to India during the first quarter of 2009 (Tourism Forecasting Committee, 2008). Political disturbance, on the other hand, has long-term and deeper effects on a destination as it threatens the economy, the law and the society as a whole, thus jeopardizing the potential of a country as a tourism destination (Sihmez 1998). Economic impacts Terrorism and political turmoil mainly affect the economy of a country or a region. Worst hit are the countries, which are majorly dependent on the tourism industry. A good example can be given from 1986, when 54% of Americans who planned to go to Europe, cancelled their bookings because of the risks implied by the rise of terrorist activities during that period (D’Amore and Anuza 1986, cited in Sihmez 1998). Furthermore, countries located nearby a politically agitated country may suffer from a perceived lack of safety by tourists who associate the neighbouring countries due to geographical proximity, although travelling in the former may be without any risk. Countries often have to bear the costs of terrorism, in terms of investments in security, terrorism risk insurance premium, airport screening opportunity costs and consumer welfare losses to ensure safety and security for their people (Keefer P. , 2008). Psychological impacts Impacts of terrorism on tourist behaviour and decision-making process (Sihmez, 1998 pg. 13) however, depend on the type of tourists: business travellers and leisure travellers will not react the same way in regards to risk, as they do not have the same motivations and needs for travel. Image deterioration / Negative images Natural events such as floods, tsunami or earthquakes do not have the same impact on a country’s image as a terrorist attack has. Natural calamities may draw sympathy, and may affect inflow of tourists for a short period, but people know that natural disasters are unavoidable, so the image they form of a destination is different. Fall in tourist arrivals in these destinations may recover earlier because these destinations are not perceived as ‘unsafe’, as in case of a destination, where terrorist activity is prominent. Politically unstable environment of a destination usually has a negative and a much stronger impact on people’s mind over a longer period of time because human action is deliberate and physical injury is most of the time the aim of these actions. Examples and focus on a particular region or destination There are a lot of tourist destinations which suffer from terrorist attacks. Egypt which had almost 4 billion dollars in tourist receipts in 1999 depended a lot on the tourism revenue. However, the revenue from this sector of economy decreased due to the terrorist attacks by al-Gama’a al-Islamiya. The first attack occurred on October 1, 1992. One British tourist was killed and two others were wounded. During the five year period about 100 tourists were killed in the attacks including the tourists from Germany, Greece, Switzerland, Japan and Great Britain. One year after the first attack tourism revenue in Egypt felt by 11 percent. However, it increased by four percent in 1994 and by 34 percent in 1995. Moreover, net increase in tourist receipts between 1993 and 1997 was 93 percent (Essner, 2003). The Egyptian government managed to sustain its tourism sector and contribute to the GSP by 5% (Weaver). The factors of this success are the huge historic and cultural heritage of Egypt that keeps drawing international visitors, but also incentive measures taken by the industry in order to sustain inbound tourism. For instance, the national airline, EgyptAir, cut its airfares by 50% after the 1997 Luxor massacre of 58 tourists (Weaver). â€Å"Event in New York City and Washington D. C. on September 11, 2001 was one of the most significant terrorism attacks which occurred recently. This event influenced the economies of states which depended on the tourism industry a lot. Furthermore, the whole economy of the USA was demolished which led to the global economic slump† (Pizam, 2002). Certain sectors of the tourism industry suffered from the terrorist attack. Hotel occupancy rates decreased dramatically. It â€Å"plummeted to 41. 8 percent the week following the attacks, a 52-percent decrease from the same period in 2000† (Stafford et al, 2002). In total, 3016 people died including passengers and crew on the planes, people within or beneath the Twin Towers and on the ground at the Pentagon. This attack has certain impacts on travel and tourism industry in the USA. Security measures at the places where large number of people including tourists are likely to gather were reconsidered. The number of US National guards in the airports increased and other security measures in the airports such as better screening and checking of passengers and baggage technologies were introduced. Security measures were improved in seaports, bus stations and train station as well. It included increasing of the surveillance cameras and checkpoints. The number of security guards in these places grew up as well. Moreover, the Federal Aviation Administration set up the program of increasing the number of bomb-sniffing dogs. The FAA trained 175 dogs for 39 airports (Goodrich, 2002). Many other countries which have high rates in tourism receipts also suffered from the terrorist attacks. Establishing of an Islamic Palestinian State in place of Israel resulted in the attacks initiated by both Israelis and Palestinians. This disturbance led to dramatic drop in 1996 in the number of tourists which grew steadily between 1970 and 1994 (Sihmez Sevil F. 1998). Another example of suffering from terrorism attack is Peru. Attacks by the Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path), a Maoist terrorist group caused the decrease in number of tourists from 350,000 in 1989 to 33,000 in 1991 (Sihmez Sevil F. 1998). Word of mouth and previous experience Media Reporting & Image making Intergovernmental relationsGovernment policies and interests Figure 1: Political instability, violence and the imaging process Hall &O’Sullivan study (cited in Mansfeld & Pizam 1996) The above figure is a model of various factors that lead to image creation of the political stability of the destination region. Three factors: word of mouth, media and the government lead to the images creation of destination, in the tourist generating regions. Domestic tourism is equally affected by the occurrence of any kind of violence or terrorist activity. Many factors such as: promotion, tourist attractions, development, new routes, travel prices contribute in to reasonable changes in domestic as well as international tourism. As per the study of Bar-on (cited in Mansfeld and Pizam 1996), act of violence can affect tourism in following ways: â€Å"Tourists may fear being killed or injured. † Security checks, especially at airports, may take a long time and even be unpleasant for some tourists. † â€Å"Tour operators, travel agents and airlines may not want to risk organizing trips to specific regions. † â€Å"Travel insurance of tourists and airlines may be difficult, limited or expensive. † â€Å"Friends or relatives at the destination may advice against the proposed trip. à ¢â‚¬  This is also supported by Hall and O’ Sullivan study (cited in Mansfeld & Pizam 1996) which states that, â€Å". . . tourism may decline precipitously when political conditions appear unsettled. Tourists simply choose alternative destinations. Unfortunately, many national leaders and planners either do not understand or will not accept the fact that political serenity, not scenic or cultural attractions, constitute the first and central requirement of tourism. † Although, political violence may not last for a longer period yet it has the tendency to leave a formidable impact on the tourism industry for many years which further can affect the confidence of the tourists and also the investors in tourism industry. Crisis management and recovery methods employed by the tourism industry Tourism has been a way for under-developed and developing countries to get more revenue. Therefore tourists are a potential target for terrorist groups looking to destabilise and undermine these countries by cutting the revenue they get from tourism activities. Recent events such as 9/11, the Southeast Asian tsunami and the Bali bombings have had devastating consequences upon the tourism industry and have shown crisis management and recovery measures have become critical in managing a destination (Robson 2008). According to Santana (cited in Weber 1998), crisis management comprehends five steps: signal detection, preparation/prevention, containment/damage limitation, recovery and learning. Planning and training before, during and after the crisis have also been highlighted (Santana, cited in Weber 1998). On the one hand, research has shown the tourism industry was able to fully recover from terrorist assaults in a period of six to twelve months, at the condition these events were not repeated in the future (Pizam and Fleischer, cited in Arana 2008). However, appropriate management methods must be employed and applied by destination managers in order to ensure image destination rehabilitation. To this end, the management and coordination of human and financial resources as well as public relations through the media for example are critical when it comes to managing terrorist events at a destination (Stafford et al 2002). For instance, a set of recommendations compiling crisis management, preventive management and recovery methods through marketing could be useful for the tourism industry to restore a destination’s image (Sonmez 1998) and prevent any negative publicity from spreading (Stafford et al 2002). Furthermore, collaboration between tourism industry actors and government organisations can often be preventive and mitigate the impacts of the crisis (Stafford et al. 2002). In terms of preventive and recovery methods, tourism destinations should promote the use of information for locals and visitors (Weber 1998) in order to ensure their own safety, for example by signalling any suspicious piece of luggage in a public space through the use of official signs posted in public areas such as airports, railway stations and stadiums. The role of advertising and education as recovery methods is also of importance. For example, the ‘Vigipirate Plan’ was put in place by the French government in 1991 after several terrorist attacks took place in Europe in the nineties. It is made up of 4 levels of emergency (yellow, orange, red and purple) and has been greatly promoted in France at the local administration levels as well as to the general public, especially after massive terrorist attacks such as the March 2004 Madrid attacks and the July 2005 London bombings. Furthermore, government initiatives such as the Australian travel advisory (smartraveller. gov. au) which issues travel recommendations to destinations presenting a certain degree of risk is a preventive way to avoid any accidental or dangerous event. For example, the Australian Government gives tips about Cyprus in terms of safety and security in both the Cypriot and Turkish part of the island, as well as details about local laws, entry and exit requirements and health issues (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2009). On the other hand, tourism may be a way to enhance peace, mitigate tensions between countries and recover from any negative effects of terrorism. An example of this is given by the situation between North and South Korea (Kim 2007). Research was conducted in order to evaluate the reactions of South Koreans after visiting a natural site, Mt Gumgang, an emerging tourist destination located in North Korea. The findings suggested that South Korean visitors to North Korea had a better image of the country and the people after their tourist trip, although both countries have technically been at war for decades (Kim 2007). To conclude, tourist destinations have the possibility to prevent terrorism actions from happening or mitigate their effects through combined policies of crisis management involving different participants such as governments and private/public tourism bodies. Nevertheless, although tourism is often a victim of terrorism and political disturbances, it can also be used as a tool to promote and enhance peace between countries affected by political tensions. References Adams, S. 2004, All the Troubles: Terrorism, War and the World after 9/11, Simon Adams, Australia Arana J. , 2008, The impact of terrorism on tourism demand, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 299–315. Apostolopolous Y. , Sonmez S. & Tarlow P. 1999, Tourism In Crisis: Managing the Effects of Tourism, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 38, No. 1, viewed 17 May, http://jtr. sagepub. com. ezproxy. lib. uts. edu. au/cgi/content/abstract/38/1/13 Bar-On R. , ‘Measuring the effects on tourism of violence and of promotion following violent acts’, in Mansfeld Y. & Pizam A (eds), Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. , pp. 159-160 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2009, last viewed May 17th 2009, http://www. smartraveller. gov. au/ Essner J. 2003, Terrorism’s Impact on Tourism: What the Industry May Learn from Egypt’s Struggle with al-Gama’a al-Islamiya, viewed on May 15,2009, http://sand. miis. edu/research/student_research/Essner_Tourist%20Terrorism. pdf Hall C. & O’ Sullivan V. , ‘Tourism, political instability and violence’, in Mansfeld Y. & Pizam A (eds), Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. , pp. 105-114 Kim S. , 2007, Using tourism to promote peace on the Korean peninsula, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 291–309. 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